Irregular_Verbs

=0. Contents=

1. abair (thubhairt, their, ràdh) - "say" 2. beir (rug) - "bear, give birth to" 3. cluinn (cuala) - "hear" 4. dèan (rinn, nith) - "do, make" 5. faic (chunnaic, chith, faca) - "see" 6. faigh (fhuair, gheibh) - "get" 7. rach (chaidh, thèid, deachaidh, dol) - "go" 8. ruig (ràinig) - "reach, arrive at" 9. thig (thàinig) - "come" 10. thoir/tabhair (thug, bheir) - "give, take"

=1. //abair// (//thubhairt//, //their//, //ràdh//) - "say"=

a. Here are the indicative forms:
 * ~  ||||~ specific ||||~ generic ||
 * ~  ||~ dependent ||~ independent ||~ dependent ||~ independent ||
 * ~ past ||= ( //do thubhairt// 2 ) ||= //**thubhairt**// 1 ||= ( //do thubhairteadh// 2 ) ||= //**thubhairteadh**// 1,7 ||
 * ~ future ||= //**abair**// ||= //**their**// 4 ||= //**abrar**// 5 ||= //**theirear**// ||
 * ~ conditional ||= //**abradh**// ( //abrainn//, //abramaid// ) 5 ||= //**theireadh**// ( //theirinn// , //theireamaid// ) ||= //**abairteadh**// 3 ||= //**theirteadh**// 3 ||

b. Here are the imperative forms 5 :
 * ~  ||||~ first ||||~ second ||~ third ||
 * ~  ||~ singular ||~ plural ||~ singular ||~ plural ||~   ||
 * ~ specific ||= **//abram//** ||= //**abramaid**// ||= //**abair**// ||= //**abraibh**// ||= //**abradh**// ||
 * ~ generic ||||||||||= //**abairtear**// ||

c. Verbal noun: //**ràdh**// 6. [Forbes (1848) also lists alternative forms - //**ràdhainn**//, //** ràite **//.]

d. Notes:
 * 1) The independent past-tense forms //thubhairt// and //thubhairteadh// are nowadays usually shortened (in both speech and writing) to //thuirt// and //thuirteadh//, respectively (unless they are emphasised as the answer to a yes/no question).
 * 2) The past dependent compounds //do thubhairt// (alt. //do thuirt// ) and //do thubhairteadh// (alt. //do thuirteadh// ) are usually shortened (in both speech and writing) to //d' thubhairt// (alt. //d' thuirt// ) and //d' thubhairteadh// (alt. //d' thuirteadh// ). In fact, they are generally written nowadays as one word - //tubhairt// (alt. //tuirt// ) and //tubhairteadh// (alt. //tuirteadh// ), even though they are still pronounced with a D sound at the start. Some authors recommend spelling them //dubhairt// ( //duirt// ) and //dubhairteadh// ( //duirteadh// ), for this reason.
 * 3) The conditional generic forms //abairteadh// and //theirteadh// are nowadays usually shortened to //abairte// and //theirte// (in both speech and writing).
 * 4) There is no special relative future independent specific form, e.g. //ma their e// (if he says), rather than //*ma theireas e//.
 * 5) Forms involving the stem //abair// with no syncope are occasionally encountered, e.g. //abaireadh//, //abairear// , //abaiream// , etc. Also, there is an alternative generic imperative listed in Forbes (1848) - //abrar//.
 * 6) When preceded by the progressive particle, the verbal noun //ràdh//, despite beginning with a consonant, usually takes the full form //ag// , rather than the reduced form //a'// . For example, //Tha mi ag ràdh ...// (I am saying ...) is generally preferred to //?Tha mi a' ràdh ...//.
 * 7) Forbes (1848) list an alternative past independent generic form - //thùbhradh// - and the related dependent form //dùbhradh//.
 * 8) Forbes (1848) also mentions an obsolete conjugated **present-tense** independent form as well - //deir// - with the conjugated forms //deirim// / //deiream// (I say) and //deirimid// / //deireamaid// (we say).

e. Byrne suggests that the verb-roots //abair// and //their// have been completely displaced in contemporary usage by the root //can// (which itself has no past tense forms). This would suggest the following paradigms are appropriate for modern standard Gaelic:


 * ~  ||||~ specific ||||~ generic ||
 * ~  ||~ dependent ||~ independent ||~ dependent ||~ independent ||
 * ~ past ||= ( //do thubhairt// ) ||= //**thubhairt**// ||= ( //do thubhairteadh// ) ||= //**thubhairteadh**// ||
 * ~ future ||= //**can**// ||= **//canaidh//** ( //chanas// ) ||||= //**canar**// ||
 * ~ conditional ||= //**canadh**// ( //canainn//, //canamaid// ) ||= //**chanadh**// ( //chanainn// , //chanamaid// ) ||= //**canteadh**// ||= //**chanteadh**// ||


 * ~  ||||~ first ||||~ second ||~ third ||
 * ~  ||~ singular ||~ plural ||~ singular ||~ plural ||~   ||
 * ~ specific ||= **//canam//** ||= //**canamaid**// ||= //**can**// ||= //**canaibh**// ||= //**canadh**// ||
 * ~ generic ||||||||||= //**cantar**// ||

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=2. //beir// (//rug//) - "bear, give birth to"=

a. Here are the indicative forms:
 * ~  ||||~ specific ||||~ generic ||
 * ~  ||~ dependent ||~ independent ||~ dependent ||~ independent ||
 * ~ past ||= ( //do rug// 2 ) ||= //**rug**// ||= ( //do rugadh// 2 ) ||= //**rugadh**// ||
 * ~ future ||= //**beir**// ||= //**beiridh**// ( //bheireas// ) ||||= //**beirear**// ||
 * ~ conditional ||= //**bheireadh**// ( //bheirinn//, //bheireamaid// ) ||= //**beireadh**// ( //beirinn// , //beireamaid// ) ||= //**beirteadh**// 1 ||= //**bheirteadh**// 1 ||

b. Here are the imperative forms:
 * ~  ||||~ first ||||~ second ||~ third ||
 * ~  ||~ singular ||~ plural ||~ singular ||~ plural ||~   ||
 * ~ specific ||= **//beiream//** ||= //**beireamaid**// ||= //**beir**// ||= //**beiribh**// ||= //**beireadh**// ||
 * ~ generic ||||||||||= //**beirtear**// 3 ||

c. Verbal noun: //**beirsinn**//, //**breith**//.

d. Notes:
 * 1) The conditional generic forms //beirteadh// and //bheirteadh// are nowadays usually shortened (in both speech and writing) to //beirte// and //bheirte//, respectively.
 * 2) The past dependent compounds //do rug// and //do rugadh// are often found written as //d' rug// and //d' rugadh//.
 * 3) Forbes (1848) lists an alternative imperative generic form: //beirthear//.

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=3. //cluinn// (//cuala//) - "hear"=

a. Here are the indicative forms:
 * ~  ||||~ specific ||||~ generic ||
 * ~  ||~ dependent ||~ independent ||~ dependent ||~ independent ||
 * ~ past ||= //**cuala**// ||= //**chuala**// ||= //**cualas**// 2 ||= //**chualas**// 2 ||
 * ~ future ||= //**cluinn**// ||= //**cluinnidh**// ( //chluinneas// ) ||||= //**cluinnear**// ||
 * ~ conditional ||= //**cluinneadh**// ( //cluinninn//, //cluinneamaid// ) ||= //**chluinneadh**// ( //chluinninn// , //chluinneamaid// ) ||= //**cluinnteadh**// 1 ||= //**chluinnteadh**// 1 ||

b. Here are the imperative forms:
 * ~  ||||~ first ||||~ second ||~ third ||
 * ~  ||~ singular ||~ plural ||~ singular ||~ plural ||~   ||
 * ~ specific ||= **//cluinneam//** ||= //**cluinneamaid**// ||= //**cluinn**// ||= //**cluinnibh**// ||= //**cluinneadh**// ||
 * ~ generic ||||||||||= //**cluinntear**// ||

c. Verbal noun: //**cluinntinn**//.

d. Notes:
 * 1) The conditional generic forms //cluinnteadh// and //chluinnteadh// are nowadays usually shortened (in both speech and writing) to //cluinnte// and //chluinnteadh//, respectively. Note also the dialectal variants: //cluinnist// and //chluinnist//.
 * 2) The past generic forms //cualas// and //chualas// have alternative forms - //cualadh// and //chualadh//.

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=4. //dèan// (//rinn//, //nith//) - "do, make"=

a. Here are the indicative forms:
 * ~  ||||~ specific ||||~ generic ||
 * ~  ||~ dependent ||~ independent ||~ dependent ||~ independent ||
 * ~ past ||= ( //do rinn// 2 ) ||= //**rinn**// ||= ( //do rinneadh// 2 ) ||= //**rinneadh**// ||
 * ~ future ||= //**dèan**// ||= //**nì**// 3 ||= //**dèanar**// ||= //**nithear**// 4 ||
 * ~ conditional ||= //**dèanadh**// ( //dèanainn//, //dèanamaid// ) ||= //**dhèanadh**// ( //dhèanainn// , //dhèanamaid// ) ||= //**dèanteadh**// 1 ||= //**dhèanteadh**// 1 ||

b. Here are the imperative forms:
 * ~  ||||~ first ||||~ second ||~ third ||
 * ~  ||~ singular ||~ plural ||~ singular ||~ plural ||~   ||
 * ~ specific ||= **//dèanam//** ||= //**dèanamaid**// ||= //**dèan**// ||= //**dèanaibh**// ||= //**dèanadh**// ||
 * ~ generic ||||||||||= //**dèantar**// 4 ||

Verbal noun: //**dèanamh**// 4.

Notes:
 * 1) The conditional generic forms //dèanteadh// and //dhèanteadh// are nowadays usually shortened (in both speech and writing) to //dèante// and //dhèanteadh//, respectively.
 * 2) The past dependent compounds //do rinn// and //do rinneadh// are often found written as //d' rinn// and //d' rinneadh//.
 * 3) There is no special relative future independent specific form, e.g. //ma **nì** e// (if he does).
 * 4) Forbes (1848) lists //dèanar// as an alternative imperative generic form, //nìtear// as an alternative future independent generic, and //dèanadh// as an alternative verbal noun.

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=5. //faic// (//chunnaic//, //chith//, //faca//) - "see"=

a. Here are the indicative forms:
 * ~  ||||~ specific ||||~ generic ||
 * ~  ||~ dependent ||~ independent ||~ dependent ||~ independent ||
 * ~ past ||= **//faca//** 3 ||= //**chunnaic**// 3 ||= **//facas//** 3 ||= //**chunnacas**// 3 ||
 * ~ future ||= //**faic**// ||= //**chì**// 2 ||= //**faicear**// ||= //**chithear**// ||
 * ~ conditional ||= //**faiceadh**// ( //faicinn//, //faiceamaid// ) ||= //**chitheadh**// ( //chithinn// , //chitheamaid// ) ||= //**faicteadh**// 1 ||= //**chìteadh**// 1 ||

b. Here are the imperative forms:
 * ~  ||||~ first ||||~ second ||~ third ||
 * ~  ||~ singular ||~ plural ||~ singular ||~ plural ||~   ||
 * ~ specific ||= **//faiceam//** ||= //**faiceamaid**// ||= //**faic**// ||= //**faicibh**// ||= //**faiceadh**// ||
 * ~ generic ||||||||||= //**faictear**// 4 ||

c. Verbal noun: //**faicinn**//. [Forbes (1848) lists //faicsinn// as an alternative.]

d. Notes:
 * 1) The conditional generic forms //faicteadh// and //chìteadh// are nowadays usually shortened (in both speech and writing) to //faicte// and //chìte//, respectively. Note also the dialectal alternative dependent form - //faiciste//.
 * 2) There is no special relative future independent specific form, e.g. //ma chì e// (if he sees).
 * 3) There are a series of dialectal alternative past tense forms listed in Forbes (1848) - //fac// (specific dependent), //chunna// (specific independent), //facadh// (generic dependent), //chunnacadh// (generic independent).
 * 4) Forbes (1848) lists an alternative imperative generic - //faicthear//.

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=6. //faigh// (//fhuair//, //gheibh//) - "get"=

a. Here are the indicative forms:
 * ~  ||||~ specific ||||~ generic ||
 * ~  ||~ dependent ||~ independent ||~ dependent ||~ independent ||
 * ~ past ||= ( //do fhuair// 2 ) ||= **//fhuair//** ||= ( //do fhuaras// 2 ) ||= //**fhuaras**// 3 ||
 * ~ future ||= //**faigh**// ||= //**gheibh**// 4 ||= //**faighear**// ||= //**gheibhear**// ||
 * ~ conditional ||= //**faigheadh**// ( //faighinn//, //faigheamaid// ) ||= //**gheibheadh**// ( //gheibhinn// , //gheibheamaid// ) ||= //**faighteadh**// 1 ||= //**gheibhteadh**// 1 ||

b. Here are the imperative forms:
 * ~  ||||~ first ||||~ second ||~ third ||
 * ~  ||~ singular ||~ plural ||~ singular ||~ plural ||~   ||
 * ~ specific ||= **//faigheam//** ||= //**faigheamaid**// ||= //**faigh**// ||= //**faighibh**// ||= //**faigheadh**// ||
 * ~ generic ||||||||||= //**faightear**// ||

c. Verbal noun: //**faighinn**//, //**faotainn**//. [Forbes (1848) also lists //faotuinn// and // faghail // as alternatives.]

d. Notes:
 * 1) The conditional generic forms //faighteadh// and //gheibhteadh// are nowadays usually shortened (in both speech and writing) to //faighte// and //gheibhte//, respectively.
 * 2) The past dependent compounds //do fhuair// and //do fhuaras// are usually written and pronounced as //d' fhuair// and //d' fhuaras//.
 * 3) The past independent generic form //fhuaras// has the alternative form - //fhuaradh// (and hence //do fhuaradh// for the dependent compound).
 * 4) There is no special relative future independent specific form, e.g. //ma gheibh e// (if he gets), rather than //*ma gheibheas e//.

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=7. //rach// (//chaidh//, //thèid//, //deachaidh//, //dol//) - "go"=

a. Here are the indicative forms:
 * ~  ||||~ specific ||||~ generic ||
 * ~  ||~ dependent ||~ independent ||~ dependent ||~ independent ||
 * ~ past ||= **//deachaidh//** 2 ||= **//chaidh//** ||= **//deachas//** ||= //**chaidheas**// ||
 * ~ future ||= //**d' thèid**// 5 ||= //**thèid**// 3 ||= //**d' thèidear**// 5 ||= //**thèidear**// ||
 * ~ conditional ||||= //**rachadh**// ( //rachainn//, //rachamaid// ) 4 ||||= //**rachteadh**// 1 ||

b. Here are the imperative forms:
 * ~  ||||~ first ||||~ second ||~ third ||
 * ~  ||~ singular ||~ plural ||~ singular ||~ plural ||~   ||
 * ~ specific ||= **//racham//** ||= //**rachamaid**// ||= //**rach**// ||= //**rachaibh**// ||= //**rachadh**// ||
 * ~ generic ||||||||||= //**rachtar**// ||

c. Verbal noun: //**dol**//

d. Notes:
 * 1) The conditional generic form //rachteadh// is nowadays usually shortened (in both speech and writing) to //rachte// . Forbes (1848) lists //rachtadh// as an alternative spelling.
 * 2) The past dependent specific form //deachaidh// is nowadays usually shortened to //deach//.
 * 3) There is no special relative future independent specific form, e.g. //ma thèid e// (if he goes), rather than //*ma thèideas e//.
 * 4) Note the following dialectal alternatives to //rachadh// and //rachainn// - //d(h)eigheadh// / //d(h)eighinn//, //d(h)eidheadh// / //d(h)eidhinn// , //reigheadh// / //reighinn// , //reaghadh// / //reaghainn//.
 * 5) The future dependent forms are commonly written as //tèid// and //tèidear// nowadays, even though the initial consonant is actually a D sound. The following spellings are sometimes found too: //dèid//, //dèidear//.

See: uses of the verb // rach //.

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=8. //ruig// (//ràinig//) - "reach, arrive at"=

a. Here are the indicative forms:
 * ~  ||||~ specific ||||~ generic ||
 * ~  ||~ dependent ||~ independent ||~ dependent ||~ independent ||
 * ~ past ||= ( //do ràinig// 2 ) ||= **//ràinig//** ||= ( //do ràineas// 2 ) ||= //**ràineas**// 3 ||
 * ~ future ||= //**ruig**// ||= //**ruigidh**// ( //ruigeas// ) ||||= //**ruigear**// ||
 * ~ conditional ||||= //**ruigeadh**// ( //ruiginn//, //ruigeamaid// ) ||||= //**ruigteadh**// 1 ||

b. Here are the imperative forms:
 * ~  ||||~ first ||||~ second ||~ third ||
 * ~  ||~ singular ||~ plural ||~ singular ||~ plural ||~   ||
 * ~ specific ||= **//ruigeam//** ||= //**ruigeamaid**// ||= //**ruig**// ||= //**ruigibh**// ||= //**ruigeadh**// ||
 * ~ generic ||||||||||= //**ruigtear**// ||

c. Verbal noun: //**ruigsinn**//, //**ruighinn**// , //**ruigheachd**//.

d. Notes:
 * 1) The conditional generic form //ruigteadh// is nowadays usually shortened (in both speech and writing) to //ruigte//.
 * 2) The past dependent compounds //**do ràinig**// and //**do ràineas**// are often found written as //**d' ràinig**// and //**d' ràineas**//, respectively.
 * 3) There are a couple of alternative past independent generic forms - //ràinigeadh//, //ràineadh// . And hence the following dependent forms - //do ràinigeadh// , //do ràineadh//.

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=9. //thig// (//thàinig//) - "come"=

"come"

a. Here are the indicative forms:
 * ~  ||||~ specific ||||~ generic ||
 * ~  ||~ dependent ||~ independent ||~ dependent ||~ independent ||
 * ~ past ||= ( //do thàinig// 2 ) ||= **//thàinig//** ||= ( //do thàineas// 2 ) ||= //**thàineas**// ||
 * ~ future ||= //**d' thig**// 4 ||= //**thig**// 3 ||= //**d' thigear**// 4 ||= //**thigear**// ||
 * ~ conditional ||= //**d' thigeadh**// ( //d' thiginn//, //d' thigeamaid// ) 4 ||= //**thigeadh**// ( //thiginn// , //thigeamaid// ) ||= //**d' thigteadh**// 1,4 ||= //**thigteadh**// 1 ||

b. Here are the imperative forms:
 * ~  ||||~ first ||||~ second ||~ third ||
 * ~  ||~ singular ||~ plural ||~ singular ||~ plural ||~   ||
 * ~ specific ||= **//thigeam//** ||= //**thigeamaid**// ||= //**thig**// ||= //**thigibh**// ||= //**thigeadh**// ||
 * ~ generic ||||||||||= //**thigtear**// ||

After //**na**//, the fortis form is used, e.g. //**Na tig!**// (Don't come!) 4.

c. Verbal noun: //**tighinn**//, //**tigheachd**// (alt. //**teachd**// ).

d. Notes:
 * 1) The conditional generic forms //d' thigteadh// and //thigteadh// are nowadays usually shortened (in both speech and writing) to //d' thigte// (alt. //tigte//, //digte// ) and //thigte// , respectively.
 * 2) The past dependent compounds //do thàinig// and //do thàineas// are usually shortened (in both speech and writing) to //d' thàinig// . In fact, they are generally written nowadays as one word - //tàinig// and //tàineas//, even though they are still pronounced with a D sound at the start. Some authors recommend spelling them //dàinig// and //dàineas// , for this reason.
 * 3) There is no special relative future independent specific form, e.g. //ma thig e// (if he comes), rather than //*ma thigeas e//.
 * 4) The future and conditional dependent forms are commonly written as //tig//, //tigtear// , //tigeadh// , //tiginn// , //tigeamaid// and //tigteadh// (alt. //tigte// ) nowadays, even though the initial consonant is actually a D sound. The following spellings are sometimes found too: //dig// , //digtear// , //digeadh// , //diginn// , //digeamaid// and //digteadh// (alt. //digte// ). On the other hand, the verbal nouns are pronounced with an initial T sound.

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=10. //thoir/tabhair// (//thug//, //bheir//) - "give, take"=

a. Here are the indicative forms:
 * ~  ||||~ specific ||||~ generic ||
 * ~  ||~ dependent ||~ independent ||~ dependent ||~ independent ||
 * ~ past ||= ( //do thug// 2 ) ||= **//thug//** ||= //do thugadh// 2 ||= //**thugadh**// ||
 * ~ future ||= //**toir**// 4 ||= //**bheir**// 3 ||= //**toirear**// 4 ||= //**bheirear**// ||
 * ~ conditional ||= //**toireadh**// ( //toirinn//, //toireamaid// ) 4 ||= //**bheireadh**// ( //bheirinn// , //bheireamaid// ) ||= //**toirteadh**// 1,4 ||= //**bheirteadh**// 1 ||

b. Here are the imperative forms:
 * ~  ||||~ first ||||~ second ||~ third ||
 * ~  ||~ singular ||~ plural ||~ singular ||~ plural ||~   ||
 * ~ specific ||= **//thoiream//** ||= //**thoireamaid**// ||= //**thoir**// ||= //**thoiribh**// ||= //**thoireadh**// ||
 * ~ generic ||||||||||= //**thoirtear**// 5 ||

c. Verbal noun: //**toirt**// 4.

d. Notes:
 * 1) The conditional generic forms //thoirteadh// and //bheirteadh// are nowadays usually shortened (in both speech and writing) to //thoirte// and //bheirte//, respectively.
 * 2) The past dependent compounds //do thug// and //do thugadh// are usually shortened to //d' thug// and //d' thugadh// . In fact, they are generally written nowadays as one word - //tug// and //tugadh//, even though they are still pronounced with a D sound at the start. Some authors recommend spelling them //dug// and //dugadh// , for this reason.
 * 3) There is no special relative future independent specific form, e.g. //ma bheir e// (if he gives), rather than //ma bheireas e// (which means "if he bears").
 * 4) The initial consonant in //toir//, //toirear// , etc. is actually a D sound. Hence, the following spellings are sometimes found - //doir// , //doirear// , etc, and even //d' thoir// , //d' thoirear// , etc. [What about the verbal noun?]
 * 5) Forbes (1848) lists //thoirear// as an alternative imperative generic form.

e. Historically, //toir// is a reduced form of the original verb-root //tabhair//. So here are some archaic spelling alternatives:
 * //**toir**// - //**tabhair**//
 * //**toirear**// - //**tabhairear**//, //**tabhrar**//
 * //**toireadh**// - //**tabhaireadh**//, //**tabhradh**//
 * //**toirinn**// - //**tabhairinn**//, //**tabhrainn**//
 * //**toireamaid**// - //**tabhaireamaid**//, //**tabhramaid**//
 * //**toirteadh**// - //**tabhairteadh**//
 * //**toirt**// - //**tabhairt**//

f. There are also a couple of alternative imperative paradigms, based on the roots //**tabhair**// and //**thug**// :


 * ~  ||||~ first ||||~ second ||~ third ||
 * ~  ||~ singular ||~ plural ||~ singular ||~ plural ||~   ||
 * ~ specific ||= **//tabhaiream//** ||= //**tabhaireamaid**// ||= //**tabhair**// ||= //**tabhairibh**// ||= //**tabhaireadh**// ||
 * ~ generic ||||||||||= //**tabhair(t)ear**// ||

[Presumably, these forms are subject to syncope?]


 * ~  ||||~ first ||||~ second ||~ third ||
 * ~  ||~ singular ||~ plural ||~ singular ||~ plural ||~   ||
 * ~ specific ||= **//thugam//** ||= //**thugamaid**// ||=  ||= //**thugaibh**// ||= //**thugadh**// ||
 * ~ generic ||||||||||= **//thugar//** ||

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