DefiniteArticle

=0. Contents=


 * 1) General properties of the definite article - case and gender
 * 2) Complements of the definite article
 * 3) Inventory and declension of the definite article
 * 4) Lenition after the definite article
 * 5) Pronunciation and orthography of the definite article: nasal assimilation
 * 6) Declension of the definite article - broad strokes
 * 7) Leniting AN (anL)
 * 8) Assimilating AN (aN)
 * 9) Simple NA (naH)
 * 10) Assimilating NA (naN)

This page is about the definite article in Gaelic, which comes in **four** basic forms - //** aN **//, //** aN* **//, //** na **// and //** naN **//. Most of these forms come in a number of orthographic variants, depending on the sounds at the start of the following word. The four forms of the definite article are summarised in the following two tables -

// **an** c/d/g/l/n/r/s/t // // **an t-**a/e/i/o/u // ||= nominative masculine || // **an** a/e/i/o/u/fh // // **an** d/l/n/r/t // // **an** sg/sm/sp/st // // **an t-**sa/se/si/so/su // // **an t-**sl/sn/sr // ||= nominative/dative feminine; dative/genitive masculine || // **na h-**a/e/i/o/u // ||= genitive feminine; nominative/dative plural || // **nan** d/c/g/l/n/r/s/t // // **nan** a/e/i/o/u // ||= genitive plural ||
 * ~ article ||~ orthography ||~ functions ||
 * = //** aN **// ||= // **am** b/f/m/p //
 * = //** aN* **// ||= // **a'** bh/ch/gh/mh/ph //
 * = //** na **// ||= // **na** b/c/d/f/g/l/m/n/p/r/s/t //
 * = //** naN **// ||= // **nam** b/f/m/p //


 * ~  ||~ masculine ||~ feminine ||~ plural ||
 * ~ nominative ||= //**aN**// ||= //** aN* **// ||= //** na **// ||
 * ~ dative ||= //** aN* **// ||= //** aN* **// ||= //** na **// ||
 * ~ genitive ||= //** aN* **// ||= ** na ** ||= //**naN**// ||

**This page is permanently under construction. Feel free to add stuff (by clicking the Edit button at the top right), or to comment (either by clicking the Discussion Posts button at the top right, or by emailing Mark.McConville@glasgow.ac.uk).**

=1. General properties of the definite article - case and gender=

Forms of the definite article are a subtype of (grammatical) noun, and thus inherit the defining properties of that class.

In other words -

a. Forms of the definite articles carry **case** - every article is either **nominative**, **dative** or **genitive**, depending on the role it plays in the sentence.

For example:
 * //Tha **na** brògan air **a'** bhòrd.// (The shoes are on the table) - the article ** //na// ** is in the **nominative** case, since it is the subject of the verb //tha// (is/are), and the article // **a'** //(a variant of //** aN* **//) is in the **dative** case, since it is the complement of the preposition //air// (on).
 * //sùilean **nam** breac móra// (the big trouts' eyes, eyes of the big trouts) - the article ** //nam// **(a variant of //** naN **//) is in the **genitive** case, since it is a modifier of the noun //sùilean// (eyes).

And -

b. Forms of the definite article carry **gender** - every article is either **masculine**, **feminine** or **plural**.

For example:
 * //Tha **am** balach faisg air **an** eaglais.// (The boy is near the church) - the article ** //am// ** (a variant of //** aN **//) is **masculine**, its complement (see below) being the masculine noun // balach // (boy); and the article ** //an// **is **feminine**, its complement being the feminine noun // eaglais // (church).
 * //sùilean **nam** breac móra// (the big trouts' eyes) - the article ** //nam// ** is plural, its complement being the plural noun // breac // (trouts - genitive).

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=2. Complements of the definite article=

a. Every form of the definite article must have exactly one **complement**, which must be either a common noun or a numeral (??), and which must follow the article.

For example:
 * // a' chaileag // (the girl) - the common noun // caileag // (girl) is the complement of the definite article **// a' //**.
 * // na trì caileagan // (the three girls) - the numeral // trì // (three) is the complement of the article **// na //**; the common noun // caileagan // (girls) is the complement of the numeral // trì //.

b. A form of the definite article and its complement must have the same **case**.

For example:
 * // *a' chaileige // is ungrammatical because the complement (feminine) noun // caileige // (girl) is in the genitive, but the article ** a' ** can only be nominative or dative. The correct form would be either // na caileige // (the girl's - genitive), // a' chaileag // (the girl - nominative), or // a' chaileig // (the girl - dative).
 * // *nam balaich // is ungrammatical because the complement (plural) noun // balaich // (boys) is in the nominative or dative, but the article **// nam //** can only be in the genitive. The correct form would be either // nam balach // (the boys' - genitive), or // na balaich // (the boys - nominative or dative).

c. A form of the definite article and its complement must have the same **gender**.

For example:
 * // *am feannag // is ungrammatical because the article **// am //** is masculine, but its complement noun // feannag // (crow) is feminine. The correct form would be // an fheannag // (the crow - nominative).
 * // *Thàinig na caileag // is ungrammatical because the article **// na //** is plural, but its complement noun // caileag // (girl) is feminine. The correct form would be either // Thàinig na caileagan // (The girls came) or // Thàinig a' chaileag // (The girl came).
 * // *an trì balaich // is ungrammatical because the article **// an //** must be masculine or feminine but its complement, the numeral // trì // (three), is plural. The correct form would be // na trì balaich // (the three boys). [MM: not sure about this - triùir?]

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=3. Inventory and declension of the definite article=

a. Fundamentally, there are just **four** forms of the definite article in modern Gaelic, which for convenience we will represent as //** aN **//, //** aN* **//, //** na **// and //** naN **//.

b. The definite article //** aN **//has **masculine** gender and **nominative** case.

For example (leaving questions of exact orthographic representation until below):
 * // *Thàinig ** aN ** caileag. // (The girl came.) - This is ungrammatical because the article **// aN //** is masculine nominative and its complement // caileag // (girl) is feminine. On the other hand, // thàinig ** aN ** balach // (the boy came) is fine, since both the article and its complement // balach // (boy) are masculine nominative. Similarly, // *thàinig ** aN ** balaich // (The boys came) is ungrammatical, since the complement of //** aN **//, // balaich // (boys), is plural rather than masculine.
 * // *air ** aN ** bòrd // (on the table) - This is ungrammatical because the article //** aN **// is nominative but occurs in a position (complement of the preposition // air // - on) which requires the dative case. The same goes for // *casan ** aN ** bòrd // (the table's legs), where the nominative article //** aN **// is used in a position where the genitive case is required (specifier of a noun).

c. The definite article //** aN* **// has either -
 * **feminine** gender and either **nominative or dative** case; or
 * **masculine** gender and either **dative or genitive** case.

For example:
 * // *Thàinig ** aN* ** each. // (The horse came.) - This is ungrammatical because the article //** aN* **// is nominative, as subject of the verb // thàinig // (came), and hence it must also be feminine; however, its complement // each //(horse) is masculine. The following would be grammatical: // thàinig ** aN* ** làir // (the mare came), with a feminine complement; and // thàinig ** aN ** each // (The horse came), with a masculine nominative article.
 * // *cù ** aN* ** caileige // (the girl's dog) - This is ungrammatical because the article //** aN* **// is genitive, as specifier of the noun // cù // (dog), and hence it must also be masculine; however its complement // caileige //(girl - genitive) is feminine. The following would be grammatical: // cù ** aN* ** balaich // (the boy's dog), with a masculine genitive complement; and // cù ** na ** caileige // (the girl's dog), with a feminine genitive article (see below).

d. The definite article //** na **// has either -
 * **feminine** gender and **genitive** case; or
 * **plural** gender and either **nominative or dative** case.

For example:

e. The definite article //** naN **// has **plural** gender and **genitive** case.

For example:

f. See the top of this page for two tabular summaries of the declension of the four definite articles in Gaelic.

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=4. Lenition after the definite article=

a. Neither //** aN **// nor //** na **// nor //** naN **// ever lenite the following word.

For example:
 * //** aN ** balach // (the boy), //** aN ** caraid // (the friend), //** aN ** dorus // (the door), . . . ; rather than // * ** aN ** bhalach //, // * ** aN ** charaid //, // * ** aN ** dhorus //.
 * //** na ** balaich // (the boys), //** na ** caileige // (the girl's), //** na ** dorsan // (the doors), . . . ; rather than // * ** na ** bhalaich //, // * ** na ** chaileige //, // * ** na ** dhorsan //.
 * //** naN ** balach // (the boys'), //** naN ** caileag // (the girls'), //** naN ** dorsan // (the doors'), . . . ; rather than // * ** naN ** bhalach //, // * ** naN ** chaileag //, // * ** naN ** dhorsan //.

But -

b. By default, //** aN* **// lenites the immediately following word.

For example:
 * //** aN* ** bhean // (the woman), //** aN* ** chaileag // (the girl), //** aN* ** ghrian // (the sun), . . . ; rather than // * ** aN* ** bean //, // * ** aN* ** caileag //, // * ** aN* ** grian //.
 * Since lenition is invisible on words starting with a vowel or sg-, sm-, sp- or st-: . ..

c. However, //** aN* **// **never** lenites a following word starting with the consonants //** d- **//, //** l- **//, //** n- **//, //** r- **// or //** t- **//.

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=5. Pronunciation and orthography of the definite article: nasal assimilation=

a. By default, the articles //** aN **// and //** aN* **// are pronounced as [ǝn], and written as **// an //**.

b. By default, the article //** naN **// is pronounced as [nǝn], and written as **// nan //**.

c. However, if the immediately following word starts with (unlenited) //** b- **//, //** f- **//, //** m- **// or //** p- **//, then //** aN **// and //** naN **// are pronounced as [ǝm] and [nǝm] respectively, and written as **// am //** and **// nam //**.

d. And if the immediately following word starts with (unlenited) //** c- **// or //** g- **//, then //** aN **// and //** naN **// are pronounced as [ǝŋ] and [nǝŋ] respectively, but still written as **// an //** and **// nan //**.

e. Finally, although the default pronunciation and spelling of the definite article //** aN* **// is [ǝn] and its default spelling is **// an //**, if the immediately following word starts with (lenis) **// bh- //**, //** ch- **//, //** gh- **//, //** mh- **// or //** ph- **//, then the article is pronounced as [ǝ] and written as **// a’ //**.

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=6. Pronunciation and orthography of definite articles: //t-// Prethesis=

a. The definite article aN cannot be followed by a word starting with a vowel. Rather, a t- must be added to the start of the word.

(Proto-Celtic) sendo**s** atir (the father) => sendo**ṡ** atir [pronounced as] sento**ṡ** atir [sendos was masc sing nom article] => (Old Gaelic) int athair => Gaelic an t-athair

b. The definite article aN* cannot be followed by a word starting with (lenis) sh-. Again, a t- must be added to the start of the word.

(Old Gaelic) ind **ṡ**erc (the charity) [pronounced as] int **ṡ**erc; (Proto-Celtic) senda **s**ulis => senda **ṡ**ulis [pronounced as] senta **ṡ**ulis => (Old Gaelic) ind **ṡ**uil (the eye) [pronounced as] int **ṡ**uil [ind was fem sing nom article etc.]

=7. Pronunciation and orthography of definite articles: //h-// Prethesis=

Default Pronunciation of na?

The article ‘na’ cannot be followed by a word starting with a vowel. Rather, an h- must be added to the start of the word.

an fh- ?

Junk below -

=X. Declension of the definite article - broad strokes=

a. The **default** form of the definite article (i.e. the form used with most case-gender combinations) is **leniting AN** (i.e. **anL**).

For example:
 * //Thàinig **a'** chaileag.// (The girl came) - **feminine nominative**
 * //anns **a'** bhùith// (in the shop) - **feminine dative**
 * //leis **a'** bhalach// (with the boy) - **masculine dative**
 * //an dèidh **a'** chogaidh// (after the war) - **masculine genitive**

b. However, the **nominative masculine** form of the definite article is **assimilating AN** (i.e. **aN**).

For example:
 * //Thàinig **am** balach.// (The boy came) - rather than //*Thàinig a' bhalach//.
 * //Chunnaic mi **an** cnoc.// (I saw the hill) - rather than //*Chunnaic mi a' chnoc//.

c. The **genitive feminine**, **nominative plural** and **dative plural** forms of the definite article are all **simple NA** (i.e. **naH**).

For example:
 * [genitive feminine] //sùilean **na** caileige// (the girls' eyes) - rather than //*sùilean a' chaileige//.
 * [nominative plural] //Thàinig **na** balaich.// (The boys came) - rather than //*Thàinig a' bhalaich//.
 * [dative plural] //air **na** bùird// (on the tables) - rather than //*air a' bhùird//.

d. And the **genitive plural** form of the definite article is **assimilating NA** (i.e. **naN**).

For example:
 * //sùilean **nam** balach// (the boys' eyes) - rather than //*sùilean a' bhalach//.
 * //cànan **nan** Gàidheal// (the language of the Gaels) - rather than //*cànan a' Ghàidheal//.

e. Here is a tabular summary of the basic declensional patterns found with the Gaelic definite article:


 * ~  ||~ masculine ||~ feminine ||~ plural ||
 * ~ nominative ||= aN ||= anL ||= naH ||
 * ~ dative ||= anL ||= anL ||= naH ||
 * ~ genitive ||= anL ||= naH ||= naN ||

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= =

4. Leniting AN (anL)
a. As mentioned above, leniting AN is the default form of the definite article, used in the **feminine nominative**, the **feminine dative**, the **masculine dative**, and the **masculine genitive**.

For example:
 * //Thàinig **a' ch**aileag.// (The girl came) - feminine nominative
 * //anns **a' bh**ùith// (in the shop) - feminine dative
 * //leis **a' bh**alach// (with the boy) - masculine dative
 * //an dèidh **a' ch**ogaidh// (after the war) - masculine genitive.

b. As its name suggests, leniting AN usually **lenites** the immediately following word.

For example:
 * //Thàinig **a' ch**aileag.// (The girl came.) - rather than // *Thàinig an caileag //.
 * //leis **a' gh**ille// (with the boy) - rather than //*leis an gille//.
 * //aig **an fh**acal// (at the word) - rather than //*aig an facal//.

c. Recall that the lenited form of vowel initial words is identical to their unlenited forms.

Thus we get the following behaviour after leniting AN:

d. Also, recall that the lenited form of words beginning with // sp- //, // st- //, // sg- // and // sm- // is identical to their unlenited forms.

Hence we get the following behaviour after leniting AN:
 * // Thàinig **an sg**alag. // (The servant came.) - rather than // *Thàinig a' sghalag //, or // *Thàinig a' shgalag //.
 * // anns **an sp**oran // (in the purse) - rather than // *anns a' sphoran //, or // *anns a' shporan //.

e. However, leniting AN is **blocked** from leniting the following word if it begins with a **dental consonant**, i.e. //**t-**//, //**d-**// , //**s-**// , //**l-**// , //**n-**// or //**r-**//. [MM: Does r- count?]

For example:
 * //**leis an duine mhór**// (with the big person) - rather than //*leis a' dhuine mhór// . The article is blocked from leniting the noun //duine// (person), but still manages to lenite the adjective //mór// (big).
 * //**leis a' bhalach bheag dubh**// (with the little dark-haired boy) - rather than //*leis a' bhalach bheag dhubh// . The article lenites the noun and the first adjective, but lenition of the second adjective //dubh// (black) is blocked.

d. Although leniting //**an**// is blocked from leniting any noun or adjective beginning with //**s-**//, if the word **immediately following** the article begins with //**s-**// followed by either a vowel (i.e. //**sa-**// , //**se-**// , //**si-**// , //**so-**// , //**su-**// ) or a sonorant (i.e. **//sl-//** , **//sn-//** , **//sr-//** ), then the //**s-**// sound is replaced by a //**t-**// sound (represented in the orthography as **//t-s-//** ).

For example:
 * ** //an t-sùil// ** (the eye, pronounced as //an tùil// ) - rather than //*an sùil//.
 * **//anns an t-sluagh//** (in the crowd, pronounced as //anns an tluagh// ) - rather than //*anns an sluagh//.
 * ** //an t-sràid// ** (the street, pronounced as //an tràid// ) - rather than //*an sràid//.
 * **//an t-snèap//** (the turnip, pronounced as //an tnèap// ) - rather than //*an snèap//.

c. In fact, leniting an causes "jumping" lenition - it is not only the immediately following word that is generally lenited, but also all adjectives which modify it. [MM: unclear]

For example:
 * //**leis a' ghille bhàn**// (with the fair-haired boy) - rather than //*leis a' ghille bàn// . The article lenites both the noun //gille// (a boy) and the adjective //bàn// (fair), when compared with the same example with no article - //le gille bàn// (with a fair-haired boy).
 * **//aig a' bhalach mhór bhàn//** (at the big fair-headed boy) - rather than //*aig a' bhalach mór bàn// . The article lenites the noun //balach// (a boy), and the adjectives //mór// (big) and //bàn// (fair), compared with the following with no article - //aig balach mór bàn// (at a big fair-headed boy).

Note however that if the following word begins with //**sp-**//, //**st-**// , //**sg-**// or //**sm-**// , then this substitution does not happen (in part because the resulting consonant clusters **//*tp-//** , **//*tt-//** , **//*tg-//** and //***tm-**// are not possible in Gaelic).

For example:
 * **//an speach//** (the wasp) - rather than //*an t-speach//.
 * **//an stais//** (the moustache) - rather than //*an t-stais//.
 * **//an sgoil//** (the school) - rather than //*an t-sgoil//.
 * **//an smàrag//** (the emerald) - rather than //*an t-smàrag//.

Note also that this process does not allow "jumping" - it only applies to the word immediately following the article:
 * //**leis a' bhalach snog**// (with the nice boy) - rather than //*leis a' bhalach t-snog//.
 * //**an t-seann snèap salach**// (the old dirty turnip) - rather than //*an t-seann t-snèap t-salach//.

f. The leniting //**an**// article itself comes in two different forms, //**a'**// and //**an**//, depending on the sound at the start of the immediately following word.

g. If the immediately following words starts with a (lenited) non-dental stop (i.e. **//bh-//**, **//ph-//** , **//mh-//** , **//ch-//** , **//gh-//** ), the form **//a'//** is used.

For example:
 * **//a' bhròg//** (the shoe) - rather than //*an bhròg//.

h. Otherwise, the form //**an**// is used.

For example:
 * //an teanga// (the tongue - nominative)
 * //leis an droch chaileig// (with the bad girl - dative)
 * //an deicheamh bó// (the tenth cow - nominative)
 * //an deoch// (the drink)
 * //an fhicheadamh bròg// (the twentieth shoe)
 * //an fhìor làmh// (the real hand - nominative)
 * //an fhìor làmh// (the real hand - nominative)

Note that words beginning with //fh-// are not considered to begin with a lenited consonant, since //fh-// is silent in modern Gaelic.

g. Summary of leniting //**an**// :


 * a' || ph- bh- ch- gh- mh- ||
 * an || fh- ||
 * an || a- e- i- o- u- ||
 * an || sp- st- sg- sm- ||
 * an || t- d- l- n- r- ||
 * an || t-sa- t-se- t-si- t-so- t-su- t-sl- t-sn- t-sr- ||

Ordinals block lenition - an t-seachdamh bean, an còigeamh bean Cardinals? leis an aon bhalach mhòr or leis an aon bhalach mòr?? leis an dà bhalach bheag (no evidence of blocking here, since dà does jumping lenition)

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=5. Assimilating AN (aN)=

a. Non-leniting //**an**// is used as the **nominative masculine** form of the definite article.

For example:
 * **//Thàinig am balach.//** (The boy came) - rather than //*Thàinig a' bhalach//.
 * //**Chunnaic mi an cnoc.**// (I saw the hill) - rather than //*Chunnaic mi a' chnoc//.

b. Non-leniting an comes in two different forms, //**an**// and //**am**//, depending on the sound at the start of the immediately following word.

c. If the immediately following word begins with a **labial consonant**, i.e. //**b-**//, //**p-**// , //**m-**// , //**f-**// , then the form //**am**// is used.

For example:
 * //**am fear**// (the man) - rather than //*an fear//.
 * //**am balach**// (the boy) - rather than //*an balach//.
 * //**am ficheadamh cù**// (the twentieth dog), rather than //*an ficheadamh cù//.

d. Otherwise, the form //**an**// is used.

For example:
 * **//an seann bhàta//** (the old boat) - rather than //*am seann bhàta//.
 * **//an cù//** (the dog) - rather than //*am cù//.
 * //**an teine**// (the fire) - rather than //*am teine//.

In other words, the place of articulation of the nasal consonant at the end of the article "assimilates" to the place of articulation of the initial consonant of the following word.

e. If the word immediately following non-leniting //**an**// starts with a **vowel**, then it must be prefixed by //**t-**//.

For example:
 * **//an t-eilean//** (the island - nominative) - rather than //*an eilean// (though note that //an eilean// is grammatical as the dative form).
 * **//an t-òran//** (the song).
 * **//an t-ochdamh fear//** (the eighth man).

f. Summary of non-leniting //**an**// :


 * am || b- p- m- f- ||
 * an t- || a- e- i- o- u- ||
 * an || t- d- c- g- l- n- r- s- ||

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=6. Simple NA (naH)=

a. //**h-**// inserting //na// is used as the **genitive feminine**, **nominative plural** and **dative plural** forms of the definite article.

For example:
 * //**sùilean na caileige**// (the girls' eyes) - rather than //*sùilean a' chaileige//.
 * //**Thàinig na balaich.**// (The boys came) - rather than //*Thàinig a' bhalaich//.
 * ** //air na bùird// ** (on the tables) - rather than //*air a' bhùird//.

b. If the word immediately following //**h-**// inserting **//na//** begins with a vowel, then that word must be prefixed with **//h-//**.

For example:
 * **//na h-ùbhlan//** (the apples) - rather than //*na ùbhlan//.
 * ** //sùilean na h-ochdamh caileige// ** (the eighth girl's eyes) - rather than //*sùilean na ochdamh caileige//.
 * **//ri taobh na h-aibhne//** (beside the river) - rather than //*ri taobh na aibhne//.

=7. Assimilating NA (naN)=

Here is a more complete summary, in tabular form: **an** a/e/i/o/u/d/t/fh/l/n/r/sp/st/sg/sm **an t-**s/sl/sn/sr ||= **na** b/d/g/p/t/c/f/s/m/l/n/r **na h-**a/e/i/o/u ||
 * ~  ||~ masculine ||~ feminine ||~ plural ||
 * ~ nominative ||= **am** b/p/m/f
 * an** d/g/t/c/s/l/n/r
 * an t-**a/e/i/o/u ||= **a'** bh/gh/ph/ch/mh
 * ~ dative ||= **a'**/**an**/**an t-** ||= **a'**/**an**/**an t-** ||= **na** (**h-**) ||
 * ~ genitive ||= **a'**/**an**/**an t-** ||= **na** (**h-**) ||= **nam** b/p/m/f
 * nan** d/g/t/c/s/l/n/r/a/e/i/o/u ||

= =

=5. Ordinal modifiers=

A form of the definite article can occur with a modifier consisting of an immediately following ordinal number.

Preposition/article compounds?

=Notes=

The Old Celtic article:


 * ~  ||||||~ singular ||||||~ plural ||
 * ~  ||~ masc ||~ fem ||~ neut ||~ masc ||~ fem ||~ neut ||
 * ~ nominative ||= **//sendos//** ||= ** //senda// ** ||= **//sen//** ||= **//sendî//** ||= **//sendâs//** ||= **//sendâ//** ||
 * ~ accusative ||= **//sendon//** ||= **//sendin//** ||= **//sen//** ||= ** //sendôs// ** ||= **//sendâs//** ||= **//sendâ//** ||
 * ~ genitive ||= **//sendî//** ||= **//sendas//** ||= **//sendî//** ||= **//sendan//** ||= **//sendân//** ||= **//sendan//** ||
 * ~ dative ||= **//sendû//** ||= **//sendi//** ||= **//sendû//** ||= ** //sendobis// ** ||= **//sendabis//** ||= **//sendobis//** ||

Green forms end in a vowel. Purple forms end in -s. Blue forms end in -n.

Note:
 * The singular case/gender pairs that end in a vowel have since become leniting **//an//** - nominative feminine, genitive masculine, dative masculine/feminine.
 * Nom masc sing form ends in -s and hence before a vowel initial noun this -s was vowel flanked and hence lenited - sendosh. This then caused the preceding d to be hardened to t - sentosh. Hence the intrusive t- nowadays.

Old Irish:


 * ~  ||||||~ singular ||||||~ dual ||||||~ plural ||
 * ~  ||~ masc ||~ fem ||~ neut ||~ masc ||~ fem ||~ neut ||~ masc ||~ fem ||~ neut ||
 * ~ nominative ||= in C, int V (h mutation) ||= // **in L ** // ||= //**a N **// ||=  ||=   ||= in dà ||= //**in L **// ||= //**inna H **// ||= //**inna H **// ||
 * ~ accusative ||= //**in N **// ||= //**in N **// ||= //**a N **// ||=  ||=   ||= in dà ||= //**inna H **// ||= //**inna H **// ||= //**inna H **// ||
 * ~ genitive ||= //**in L **// ||= //**inna H **// ||= //**in L **// ||=  ||=   ||= in dà ||= //**inna N **// ||= //**inna N **// ||= //**inna N **// ||
 * ~ dative ||= //**in L **// ||= //**in L **// ||= //**in L **// ||=  ||=   ||= in dib ||= inaib (h mutation) ||= inaib (h mutation) ||= inaib (h) ||

in L - int sh-, ind fh- lh- rh- nh-, in (+ lenition)

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