Feum

=Non-past tense=

//** Am feum mi/thu ... ? **// Asking about obligations/needs (Am I obliged to ... ? Do I/we need to ... ?):
 * // Am feum thu falbh? // 'Are you obliged to go?' 'Do you have to go?' 'Must you go?'
 * // Am feum thu a dhol a dh'obair? // 'Are you obliged to go to work?'
 * // Am feum thu a dhol dhachaigh? // 'Are you obliged to go home?'
 * // Am feum thu sin a dhèanamh? // 'Are you obliged to do that?'
 * // Am feum sinn èisdeachd ri sin? // 'Are we obliged to listen to that?'
 * // Am feum sinn coimhead air seo? // 'Are we obliged to watch this?'
 * // Am feum sinn sin (a) òl? // 'Are we obliged to drink that?'
 * // Am feum sinn èirigh tràth a-màireach? // 'Are we obliged to get up early tomorrow?'
 * // Am feum mi tighinn? // 'Am I obliged to come?'
 * // Am feum sinn suidhe? // 'Are we obliged to sit?'
 * // Am feum thu ticead a thoirt dhomh? // 'Are you obliged to give me a ticket?'
 * // Am feum mi (a) ithe? // 'Am I obliged to eat it?'
 * // Am feum mi mo sheacaid a chur orm? // 'Am I obliged to put my jacket on?'
 * // Am feum sinn falbh a-nis? // 'Are we obliged to leave now?'
 * // Am feum mi an càr a thoirt leam? // 'Am I obliged to take the car?'

Transitive:
 * // Am feum sinn ticead? // 'Are we obliged to have a ticket?' 'Do we need a ticket?'

Apparently, the form // An fheum mi ... ? // is also sometimes heard.

//** Feumaidh mi/tu ... **// Stating obligations (I am obliged to ... I need to ... I have to ...):
 * // Am feum mi [...] ? // 'Am I obliged to ... ?'
 * // Feumaidh. // 'Yes, you are.'
 * // Feumaidh sibh suidhe. // 'You are obliged to sit.' 'You have to sit.' 'You must sit.'
 * // Feumaidh e seo a dhèanamh. // 'He is obliged to do this.'
 * // Feumaidh i an doras a dhùnadh. // 'She is obliged to close the door.'
 * // Feumaidh sinn uisge (a) fhaighinn. // 'We are obliged to get water.'
 * // Feumaidh mi deoch a ghabhail. // 'I am obliged to have a drink.'
 * // Feumaidh mi rudeigin (a) ithe. // 'I am obliged to eat something.'
 * // Feumaidh mi dèanamh deiseil. // 'I am obliged to get ready.'
 * // Feumaidh sinn falbh ann an leth-uair a thìde. // 'We are obliged to leave in half an hour.'
 * // Feumaidh sibh stad aig a' bhùth. // 'You are obliged to stop at the store.'
 * // Feumaidh sibh sgur a smocadh. // 'You are obliged to stop smoking.'
 * // Feumaidh mi còta a chur orm. // 'I am obliged to put a coat on.'
 * // Feumaidh tu seacaid a chur ort. // 'You are obliged to put a jacket on.'
 * // Feumaidh e ad a chur air. // 'He is obliged to put a hat on.'
 * // Feumaidh i brògan a chur oirre. // 'She is obliged to put shoes on.'
 * // Feumaidh mi a dhol dhan leabaidh. // 'I am obliged to go to bed.'
 * // Feumaidh mi sgàilean a thoirt leam. // 'I am obliged to take an umbrella with you.'
 * // Feumaidh tu deoch a thoirt leat. // 'You are obliged to take a drink with you.'
 * // Feumaidh sibh airgead a thoirt leibh. // 'You are obliged to take money with you.'
 * // Feumaidh sinn biadh a thoirt leinn. // 'We are obliged to take food with us.'
 * // Feumaidh iad aodach a thoirt leotha. // 'They are obliged to take clothes with them.'

//** Chan fheum mi/thu ... **// Stating lack of obligation (You are not obliged to ... You don't have to ... You don't need to ...):
 * // Am feum mi [...] ? // 'Am I obliged to ... ?'
 * // Chan fheum. // 'No, you aren't.'
 * // Cha leig thu a leas. // 'You don't need to.'
 * // Chan fheum mi càil a thoirt leam. // 'I am not obliged to take anything.' 'I don't have to take anything.'
 * // Chan fheum mi a dhol dhan ospadal. // 'I am not obliged to go to hospital.'
 * // Chan fheum stad an seo. // 'You are not obliged to stop here.'
 * // Chan fheum càil (a) ithe. // 'You are not obliged to eat anything.'
 * // Chan fheum sibh falbh gu ceithir uairean. // 'You are not obliged to go until 4 o'clock.'
 * // Chan fheum sinn dad a cheannach. // 'You are not obliged to buy anything.'

//** Faodaidh mi/sinn/e ... **// Describing permission (I/we have permission to ...; I/we have the opportunity to ...):
 * // Faodaidh mi falbh a-nochd. // 'I may go tonight.' [i.e. It is **possible** that ... cf. Is dòcha gun dh'fhalbhas mi a-nochd; How about: 'I can go tonight' i.e. I have the **opportunity** or **permission** to ...]
 * // Faodaidh mi dol còmhla riut. // 'I may go with you.'
 * // Faodaidh mi falbh a-màireach. // 'I may go tomorrow'.
 * // Faodaidh sinn a dhol ann Disathairne. // 'We can go on Saturday.'
 * // Faodaidh e a' chlach a bhualadh. // 'He may hit the stone.'


 * // ... gum feum ..., ... nach fheum ... //**
 * // Tha mi a' smaoineachadh gum feum thu an uinneag a fhosgladh. // 'I think that you have to open the window.'
 * // Tha mi a' smaoineachadh nach fheum thu an uinneag a fhosgladh. // 'I don't think that you have to open the window.'

//** ... a dh'fheumas ..., ... nach fheum ... **//
 * // am fear a dh'fheumas an uinneag a fhosgladh // 'the man who has to open the window'
 * // am fear nach fheumas an uinneag a fhosgladh // 'the man who doesn't have to open the window'
 * // ged a dh'fheumas tu an uinneag a fhosgladh // 'although you have to open the window'
 * // ged nach fheum thu an uinneag a fhosgladh // 'although you don't have to open the window'
 * // ma dh'fheumas mi an uinneag a fhosgladh // 'if I have to open the window'
 * // Dé (a) dh'fheumas tu a dhèanamh? // 'What are you obliged to do?'
 * // Cuin a dh'fheumas tu falbh? // 'When are you obliged to go?'

//** Feumar ... **// (One has to ...)
 * // Feumar an uinneag a fhosgladh. // 'One has to open the window.', 'The window must be opened.'
 * // Chan fheumar an uinneag a fhosgladh. // 'One doesn't have to open the window.', 'The window must not be opened.'
 * // Tha mi a' smaoineachadh gum feumar an uinneag a fhosgladh. // 'I think that the window may be opened.'
 * // Tha mi a' smaoineachadh nach fheumar an uinneag a fhosgladh. // 'I don't think that the window has to be opened.'
 * // an uinneag a dh'fheumar fosgladh // 'The window which has to be be opened' ???
 * // an uinneag nach fheumar fosgladh // 'The window which doesn't have to be opened' ???
 * // ged a dh'fheumar an uinneag a fhosgladh // 'although the window has to be be opened'
 * // ged nach fheumar an uinneag a fhosgladh // 'although the window doesn't have to be opened'
 * // ma dh'fheumar an uinneag a fhosgladh // 'if the window has to be opened'

//** Feumaidh gu ... **// (It must be the case that ... The only explanation is that ... ):
 * // Feumaidh gun deach na dhà a thilgeil a-mach às an aon luing aig an aon àm. // 'The two of them must have been thrown out of the same boat at the same time.' - RM (epistemic modality)

=Past tense=

Describing past obligation:
 * // Dh'fheumadh e an uinneag a fhosgladh. // 'He was obliged to open the window.' 'He might have opened the window.'
 * // Dh'fheumainn an uinneag a fhosgladh. // 'I was obliged to open the window.' 'I might have opened the window.'
 * // Dh'fheumamaid an uinneag a fhosgladh. // 'We were obliged to open the window.' 'We might have opened the window.'
 * // Chan fheumadh e an uinneag a fhosgladh. // 'He wasn't obliged to open the window.' 'He might not have opened the window.'
 * // Chan fheumainn an uinneag a fhosgladh. // 'I wasn't obliged to open the window.' 'I might not have opened the window.'
 * // Chan fheumamaid an uinneag a fhosgladh. // 'We weren't obliged to open the window.' 'We might not have opened the window.'
 * // Tha mi a' smaoineachadh gum feumadh tu an uinneag a fhosgladh. // 'I think that you were obliged to open the window.'
 * // Tha mi a' smaoineachadh nach fheumadh tu an uinneag a fhosgladh. // 'I don't think that you were obliged to open the window.'
 * // am fear a dh'fheumadh an uinneag a fhosgladh // 'the man who might have opened the window'
 * // am fear nach fheumadh an uinneag a fhosgladh // 'the man who might not have opened the window'
 * // ged a dh'fheumainn an uinneag a fhosgladh // 'though I might have opened the window'
 * // ged nach fheumamaid an uinneag a fhosgladh // 'though we might not have opened the window'
 * // ma dh'fheumadh iad an uinneag a fhosgladh // 'if they might have opened the window'

Impersonal forms:
 * // Dh'fhaodte(adh) an uinneag a fhosgladh. // 'The window might have been opened.' 'Someone had permission to open the window.'
 * // Chan fhaodte(adh) an uinneag a fhosgladh. // 'The window might not have been opened.' 'No-one had permission to open the window.'
 * // Tha mi a' smaoineachadh gum faodte(adh) an uinneag a fhosgladh. // 'I think that the window might have been opened.'
 * // Tha mi a' smaoineachadh nach fhaodte(adh) an uinneag a fhosgladh. // 'I don't think that the window might have been opened.'
 * // an uinneag a dh'fhaodte(adh) fosgladh // 'The window which might have been opened' ???
 * // an uinneag nach fhaodte(adh) fosgladh // 'The window which might not have been opened' ???
 * // ged a dh'fhaodte(adh) an uinneag a fhosgladh // 'although the window might have been opened'
 * // ged nach fhaodte(adh) an uinneag a fhosgladh // 'although the window might not have been opened'
 * // ma dh'fhaodte(adh) an uinneag a fhosgladh // 'if the window might have been opened'

Question forms:

Reported speech:
 * Dh'fhaighnich am fear ma ??? 'The man asked if he might open the window' [Dh'fhaighnich e: 'Am faod mi ... ?']
 * // Thuirt i gum faodamaid an uinneag (a) fhosgladh. // 'She said that we might open the window.' [Thuirt i: 'Faodaidh sibh ...']
 * // Thuirt i nach fhaodamaid an uinneag (a) fhosgladh. // 'She said that we might not open the window.' [Thuirt i: 'Chan fhaod sibh ...']
 * // Thuirt i gum fao(i)dte(adh) an uinneag (a) fhosgladh. // 'She said that one might open the window.' [Thuirt i: 'Faodar ...']
 * // Thuirt i nach fhao(i)dte(adh) an uinneag (a) fhosgladh. // 'She said that one might not open the window.' [Thuirt i: 'Nach fhaodar ...']


 * // Ach dh'fhaodach e bhith na bu mhiosa. // 'But it might have been worse.' [i.e. It was possible that it would be worse]
 * // Thuirt an dorsair gun robh a mhaighstir 'na chadal agus nach fhaodte a dhùsgadh. // 'The doorman said that his master was sleeping and that one might not wake him up' [i.e. it was not permitted to ...]
 * // Chan fhaodte càil fhàgail anns a' ghàrradh air eagal gun rachadh a ghoid. // 'One couldn't leave anything in the garden, in case someone would steal it.'
 * // Ghabh sinn fasgadh mar a b' fheàrr a dh'fhaodadh sinn. // 'We took shelter as best we might.'
 * // Dh'fhalbh e gun smid a ràdh, ged a dh'fhaodte aithneachadh gun robh e tinn. // 'He left without saying a word, though one might have perceived that he was ill.'
 * // ma dh'fhaoidte //, // ma dh'fhaoite // 'perhaps'; often distorted to // mathaid // or// is mathaid gu ... //; // Bha i 's mathaid deich air fhichead. // 'She was perhaps thirty'; // Is mathaid gun robh e 'na chadal. // 'Perhaps he was asleep'; // 'S mathaid gu bheil e air dol dhachaigh. // 'Perhaps he has gone home'; // Thàinig e a-steach air gu h-obann gur mathaid gun robh ... // 'He realised suddenly that perhaps ... was ...'.
 * // Dh'fhaod mi falbh. // 'I might have gone.'
 * // Na'n d'fhaod mi falbh ... // 'If I might have gone ...'